Crude oil
Crude oil is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials.
It serves as the primary raw material for producing fuels like gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and heating oil, as well as various petrochemical products used in manufacturing plastics, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Crude oil varies in color, viscosity, and chemical composition depending on its source. It is typically extracted through drilling and then refined to meet market specifications.
Crude naturally occurring, unrefined hydrocarbon fluid composed primarily of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, with variable concentrations of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and trace metals. It functions as a fundamental feedstock for the global energy and chemical industries, serving as the base input for fuels such as gasoline, diesel, marine fuel, and aviation kerosene, as well as for petrochemical derivatives used in polymers, solvents, lubricants, and industrial compounds.
The physical and chemical properties of crude oil—such as API gravity, sulfur content, viscosity, and distillation yield—vary significantly by reservoir and extraction region, influencing its market classification (e.g., light sweet vs. heavy sour). Crude oil is typically extracted via deep drilling operations and transported in bulk to refineries, where it undergoes fractional distillation and further processing to meet downstream specifications and environmental standards.
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